Forces

A force is an interaction that would change the motion of a given object. The diagram below shows the forces typical of an object in any given system.

Where:

• $F_n$ is the normal force
• $F_r$ is friction
• $F_a$ is the applied force
• and $W$ being weight

Mass is the density of the object while weight is its resistance against gravity. Volume is related to mass via density. Weight is mass multiplied by gravity. $W = mg$

Applied force is the force exerted on an object in a system externally. Typically it's given to you. It can also be substituted with a force like tension.

The normal force is what is exerted when a object rests against another. Typically, this force is equivalent to the weight of the object¹⁾, unless it is a special situation like an incline plane. In those cases, the normal force may be offset from the weight.

Friction is a force caused by the collision of surfaces that are inherently uneven. It is mathematically defined as $F_r = \mu F_n$ where $F_r$ is friction, $F_n$ is the normal force²⁾, and $\mu$ being the coefficient of friction³⁾.

Tension is a force that a rope⁴⁾ exerts pulling one object to another.

The acceleration of tension can be calculated by summing the forces of each object under tension by the sum of their masses⁵⁾.

No clue if this is right, disregard if you're doing something important

You can use Newton's Second Law ⁶⁾ to calculate the force of tension, with $F_{net}$ being the sum of all forces in the system ($\sum F$), $m$ being the mass of the two objects in tension, and $a$ being the value calculated before.

Tension can also be associated as equal to the net force of the system minus an acting force, typically weight $F_{net} = T - W$.