Table of Contents
5 Kinds of Argument
Note the bold in each of the examples, they tend to be good identifiers for the type of argument.
Proposal
Calls for action and pushes a stance.
- Shows a need for change as a result of an issue
- Gives a solution and predicts the outcome of it
- Can also push for a change in opinion or thought
Example
Every home should be equipped with a well-stocked emergency kit that can sustain inhabitants for at least three days in a natural disaster.
Definitional
Argues the meaning or interpretation of an abstract idea or concept. In the AP exam, it isn't expected to know the definition, and your interpretation is always valid solong as it is supported by other evidence. As such, you can't only use Definitional arguments as your support.
Example
A death should not be considered murder if the motive for the act is to ease a person's suffering.
Evaluative
Judging or countering a trait of an object and quantifies them as “good” or “bad” based off other items with the trait.
- effective/ineffective
- successful/failure
- good/bad
Example
Citizen Kane is the finest film ever made by an American director because it revolutionizes the way we see the world.
Causal
NOT casual! The spelling really does make a difference. These types of arguments deal with cause → effect relationships. These show the outcome of an action, event, or belief. They should also be grouped with other arguments to be more concrete.
Example
Right-to-carry gun laws are, in part, responsible for decreased rates of crime in states that have approved such legislation.
Factual
This argument presents a factual statement in order to support a claim. Don't rely on these on the AP exam as they will invalidate it if your claim is deemed false.
Example
In the long run, dieting can be more harmful than moderate overeating.
